The doctrine of the existence of a soul or spirit as distinguished from matter.

灵魂存在的学说。

The belief that spirit or soul is the essential principle of life.

灵魂为生命要素之学说。

The belief that every object possesses a soul.

万物有灵论。

Loosely, spiritualism as distinguished from materialism.

(泛指)唯心论(以别于唯物论)。